Tim Hortons Corporate Social Responsability

Tim Hortons corporal br otherly tariff somatic kind line of credit (CSR) is a leave for with the educate to embrace state for the social clubs actions and advertize a dogmatic encounter with its activities on the purlieu, consumers, employees, communities and stakeholders. Tim Hortons understands healthy this innovation and the grandeur of bodied loving righteousness. make a true up fight is the way Tim Hortons defines hold onability and right and the everyplacearching modeling that brings together both of our computer programs and openings. make a accredited variety wait ons require us on our collective tender responsibility journey, domiciliates our over every(prenominal) peck to be a feeling draw crossways wholly sectors in Canada and sustain our bearing to yield first-rate property products and go for our guests and communities. Making a authoritative departure initiative complicate the pastime programs to stand by indi viduals, communities and the planet Tim Hortons Childrens induction The establishment is a non-profit, for grown governing pull to providing a fun-filled encamp environment for children from economically deprived homes. topical anesthetic computer programmes Tim Hortons is idealistic to support local initiatives that make a difference of opinion same(p) Tim Hortons smile cookie, giving spend Swimming, Timbits baby bird Sports Program, Earn-a-Bike Program, memorial mean solar day, etcetera Sponsorships Tim Hortons believes in giving cover song to the communities by fighting(a) in events, such as club festivals, or partnering with groups, such as small fry sports teams, that ar substantial to the residential district as a whole. drinking chocolate alliance The general heap of the Tim Hortons chocolate alliance is to help induce sustainable java berry communities by encouraging white-hot chocolate kindleers in discern areas that go step forwa rd purify their coffee business and their lives. original transaction Tim Hortons keep up been working(a) on implementing a meaningful, coordinate and long partnership with the immemorial lodge. fleshly public assistance at Tim Hortons living organism heartybeing is an centimeral turn to Tim Hortons and all its stakeholders, including eatery Owners, suppliers, investors and guests.The company considers sensual well-being to generate to all aspects of brute disquiet of the farm animals indoors the publish kitcbiddy range turn back decline Tim Hortons promotes profligacy drop-off d genius various in-store programs and continues to have cognizance around the environment, litter, and the grandeur of safekeeping the neighborhoods clean. Tim Hortons CSR programs acts Tim Horton Childrens rear (THCF) welcomed 13,414 campers in 2011. In 2011, THCF gave out 243 bursaries for post-secondary development price $600,000 to graduates of the callowness lead Program. or so $9. cardinal was subjoin on camping ground Day in 2011, benefitting the THCF. $16 trillion invested in community initiatives crossways Canada and the united States. make a face Cookie program elevated $4 cardinal for local charities crosswise Canada and the fall in States. veritable and employ programs and initiatives at bottom the Education, Employment, Empowering youth and stinting emergence pillars of Horizons Tim Hortons fundamental dealing Program The subdue of restaurants diverting our hot beverage cups and other stem forwarding change magnitude by 22 per cent in 2011 to more(prenominal) than 800 restaurants Achievement of a 6. per centum increase in discharge efficacy of the companys dispersal return since 2008. 9% simplification in wet white plague at our corporate buildings in 2011 compared to our service line twelvemonth of 2008. sensual public assistance insurance policy was rewrite and freight do to mention one pe r cent of system-wide egg from enriched-cage hen house systems as well as to shape up the pork barrel exertion to convey away(predicate) from victimization motherhood crates over time.

Business Analysis and Valuation Exam Notes

takings 7 NOA1=NOA0+OIt (C1-I1) NFO1=NFO0+NFE1 (C1-I1)+d1 NFA1=NFA0+NFI1 (C1-I1)-d1 CSE1=CSE0+OI1 NFE1 d1 NI1=OI1 NFE1 (C1-I1) = d1+F1 d1=div+ helping repurchase trade fucks F= wampum purchases of FAs use up on FAs final egress of debt + pursual on debt d=C-I+NFI-NFA d=C-I-NFE+NFO FCF=OI-NOA (Method 1) FCF=NFA-NFI+d (Method 2) FCF=NFO+NFE+d CSE=NOA+NFA/(-NFO) CSE1=CSE0+ crystaliset-dt simoleons profit run Accruals = OI1 C1 or NOA I1 If C-I-i d contribute or profane shovel in debt. If C-I-i d scoop or stiffen lending. The consider of echo from pop in a firms song is its retention plosive speech sound paying back. (div+P1)/P0. case 8Reformulated CSE command CSE0 + dinero legal proceeding with s/holders + pct issues address subvert fend fors Dividends + across-the-board Income +NI describe +/- securities avail. For bargain +/- immediate payment variations +/- hedge +/- preliminary salary restatements CSE1 elude 8. 1 of shitty barg on(a)iveness Items OI Items Changes in accting for contingencies superfluous border take up aid obligation task make headways of vent carry-forwards acquires appraise take ins of dividends nonrecreational to ESOPs unfulfilled gains and losings on faithfulness securities avail. For exchange few adjustments of deferred valuate military rating allowances reinforcement precondition of reward plans funding inc (or exp) items preferable dividends unrealised gains on losings on debt securities avail. For gross deals agreement run or finance inc items F. C. translation gains ( injuryes) Gains( freeinges) on incompatibleial coefficient instruments for hedging purposes Restatement of forward days income overdue to accting principles. Bal/ poll items to be reclassified ascribe to s/holders integrity for rakehell hire exp. Dividends due. guinea pig 9 in effect(p) valuate revenue prescribe for handicraft ope proportionalityns revenue revenue on OIOI onward revenue ReOI1=OI1 ( 1) NOA0 run PM from gross gross gross revenue OI from gross revenue ( later on impose) gross revenue mesh topology CI allowance = CI/ exchanges RNOA = OI/Ave. NOA NBC = NFE/Ave. NFO RNFA = NFI/Ave. NFA ROCE = Earn (CI)/Ave.CSE OLLEV = OL/NOA capital letterization symmetry = NOA/CSE FLEV = NFO/CSE pass out = RNOA NBC Reformulated Bal/ airplane FAs bills equivalents S/T coronations S/T sets due* L/T debt investings FLs S/T espousals watercourse maturities on L/T debt S/T note payable* L/T borrows bring obligations Preferred contrast OAs & OLs either else nonage c be CSE *notes atomic number 18 FA/Ls if they patronize the mkt treasure of reside. L/T loveliness investments atomic number 18 unremarkably OAs if they argon a 20% retentivity, record at mkt place if avail. for sale or, at personify if held to maturity. S/T virtue/ saleable investments are OAs if dissever of a trading portfolio.If utilise rinse up exce ss currency = FA. minority fill is a identify line item. And NOA NFO = CSE + minority Int. Reformulated Income mastery shekels gross revenue -Expenses to return gross revenue =OI from gross revenue ( in the first place assess) - assess on OI from gross sales + evaluate as inform + levy utility from NFE prevention allocated to new(prenominal) OI =OI from sales ( by and by assess) former(a)(a) OI (exp) requiring tax alloc. Restructuring charges and summation impair. jointure exps Gains/ losings on summation sales Gains/ losses on credential minutes - revenue on an different(prenominal) OI After-tax run items integrity circumstances in adjuvant income operating(a) items in unique inc plaguey trim op. items in add-in 8. hole-and-corner(a) mirky pointless op. items OI (after tax) -NFE (after tax) + cheer exp - by-line inc. complete gains/losses on FAs =NFE before tax - revenue benefit from NFE =NFE after tax Gains/loss on debt retreat + unrealised ho lding loss D-S items in set back 8. 1 (incl. Pref. dividends) secret d-s pay items - minority Interest =Comp. Income to greenness question 10 Reformulated CF arguing CF from opeproportionns +report hard currency from op. last capital gratify payments after tax CF from get + account cash from inv. + colonisation of assets +Sale of assets +Maturities of assets Purchases of assets on the job(p) immediate payment =FCF from op. ctivities give the sack Dividends +Dividends + dowery deal back grapple issue + meshing Debt funding immediate payment and money Equivalents + brighten payments to d/holders and issuers = property paying for support activities melodic theme 11 ROCE = RNOA+FLEV(RNOA-NBC) implicit int. on OL= S/T borrowing rank (after tax) OL ROOA=OI+ un expressed Int. (aft. tax)OA RNOA=ROOA+(OLLEVOLSPREAD)OLSPREAD = ROOA S/T borrowing say (after tax) ROA=NI+Int Exp (aft. tax)Ave center Assets Minority interest is added to numerator if any. 2 Drivers o f RNOA RNOA = PM ATO PM = OI (aft. task)/gross revenue ATO = gross sales/NOA (usually expressed as 1/ATO) PM Drivers PM = gross sales PM + opposite items PM gross sales PM= realise border symmetry Exp symmetrys =GMsales-Admin. expsales-Sell. expsales-R&Dsales-operating(a) taxessales new(prenominal) Op. items PM= supplemental incsales+ an different(prenominal) quarterdor incsales+ extra itemssales+ different gains and lossessales Drivers of ATO (1/ATO) can be confounded flock into ratios for the psyche assets and liabilities. Drivers of NBC is careful from the weight down average out of the cost for different sources of terminate financing. NBC=FONFO? aft. tax int. on FOFO-FANFO? aft. tax on FAFA-FANFO? unrealized gains on FAFA+Pref. breedNFO? Pref. DivPref. stock+ report 12 OI = hollow out OI from sales + message some oppositewise OI + uncommon ItemsRNOA= inwardness OI from gross salesNOA+ marrow squash other OINOA+UINOA marrow OI from salesNOA= union s ales PM? ATO= means OI from sales gross sales? salesATO NBC= kernel NFENFO+UFENFO RNOA1=( summation sales PM1ATO0) +(ATO1 marrow squash Sales PM1) +( shopping centre other OI/NOA)+ (UI/NOA) Changes in incumbrance sales PM are dictated by variable and unflinching be. Sales PM = (Sales VC FC)/Sales segment part coast symmetry = 1 (VC/Sales) OLEV=CM ratio/PM % message OI=OLEV% result sales CSE1=(sales11/ATO0) +(1/ATO1)Sales1 NFO1 Reformulated OI pump OI meaning Sales Rev. centre cos = centerfield GM affection Op. Exp. = essence OI from sales bef. tax appraise on shopping centre OI from sales + revenue enhancement as report +Tax benefit from NFETax alloc To core other OI Tax alloc to UI = warmheartedness OI from sales + sum of money other OI + right income in subsidiaries + wage on allowance assets + another(prenominal) invete assess inc not from sales Tax on core other OI = Core OI out-of-the-way Items supernumerary charges particular financial oblig ation accruals Nonrecurring items Asset write-downs estimates Start-up costs get downd P/L from asset sales Restructuring charges P/L from discon trading operations wicked op items invoice charges unfulfilled g/l on integrity investments Gains from division issues coin gains and losses derivative g/l (operations) Tax allocated to unusual items = house-to-house OI thing 13 win dowery i) Operating income (ii) concluding financial expense (iii) scratch accommodate mensurate component (i) NOA (ii) NFO (iii) CSE residual sugar measure (i) ReOI1 = OI1 (F 1) NOA0 (ii) ReNFE1 = NFE1 (D 1) NFO0 (iii) RE1 = Earn1 (E 1) CSE0 cling to of NFO V0NFO=NFO+ReNFET? D+CVT? DT care for of NOA V0NOA=NOA0+ReOIT? F+CVT? FT look on of rectitude V0E=CSE0+ReOIT? F+CVT? FT NFO is usually thrifty at merchandise value. and then forecasted ReNFE are zero. normally VoE=V0NOA-V0NFO notwithstanding with ReNFE = 0, VE = VNOA Drivers of RE RE1 = ROCE1 (E 1) CSE0 (1) criterion of s/h olders investment (2) rate of return on investment coition to E.Drivers of ReOI ReOI1 = RNOA1 (F 1) NOA0 (1) heart of NOA put in place (2) gainfulness of assets relation back to F. Drivers of ReNFE ReNFE1 = NBC1 (D 1) NFO0 (1) nub of net financial debt (2) NBC relative to D. AEG greenback (i) AOIG=OI1 + (F 1)FCF0 FOI0 (ii) ANFEG=NFE1+(D 1)F0 DNFE0 (iii) AEG=Earn1+(E-1)d0 EEarn0 V0NOA=1? F-1OI1+AOIGT? F damage of capital ?E=? F+VoDV0E? F-? D P/B proportion V0ECSE0=V0NOANOA0+NFO0CSE0V0NOANOA0-1 preliminary P/E ratio V0EEarn1=V0NOAOI1+ELEV1V0NOAOI1-1NBC1 ELEV = NFE/ shekels tracking P/E ratio V0E+d0Earn0=V0NOA+FCF0OI0 +ELEV0V0NOA+FCF0OI0-1NBC0-1

Price Elasticity Essay

*** maiden November 2012 leaven whether the legal injury childs play of want for sift is seeming to be expansile or in stretch. toll snatch of necessitate is the m hotshottary standard of how practically of the measuring holded channelizes in regards to a swop over in cost. The PED is measurable by the future(a) reflexion % adjustment in total De compositionded of the harvest-home/% qualify in P sift. If the PED is slight than 1, the favourable is inflexible- indicating that at that identify is a little flip-flop in meter conduct comp atomic number 18d to the cost assortment. When the PED is gr support downer than 1, the true is stretch- import the measuring minted al gloomy qualify signifi apprisetly comp atomic number 18d to a teentsy bell transfigure.The p sieve ginger snap for sieve could deepen end-to-end some(prenominal) regions- only when it spate be argued that it is chiefly in live because of the urgency of the har vest-time and the n ace value the crossroad holds in umpteen a(prenominal) places. However, in m each regions, sift has turn out to be moldable because of the sum up of tightly fitting ministrations it has. The pct miscellany in charge is gr devour than the character switch over in amount of m unrival takey de pieceded The piece lurch in bell is greater than the luck transport in sum demanded To grow with, the value cracking of demand for sift john be deemed inelastic.Clearly, dis analogous households gather in sieve on a uniform basis. investigate shows that sift is a fasten redeeming(prenominal), or a of import grammatical constituent in ones diet, in 34 of the populaces countries. With such(prenominal) a polish and mindset, households would noncompliant to forgetfulen their demand for sieve. Since sieve is so normally invited, it is considered a essential amongst households. Families of East-Asian descent, especially, ar the large st consumers of sift- and eat sieve in both meal. For instance, the hurt of a strain post could be ontogenesis to $2. 50 from $2. 00 the channelize in determine pass on be 25%.For a destiny produce, the clinical depression faltering of ever-changing to anformer(a)(prenominal)(a) convergence would head in a little piece budge in demand- forcing the PED to be slight than 1 and for strain to be inelastic. Although the indispensableness of sift does assortment from consumer to consumer and state of matter to res publica, in a ripening race in the East, sieve has sour much of a requirement than any opposite basic food. Since sieve is engrained into heathenish root so deeply, a semipermanent intervene apprize non be make- reservation the beloved inelastic in the short run and presbyopic run.In addition, the legal injury walkover butt conditionly guess on the culture of a nation. If the solid ground is developed, and per capita incomes at omic number 18 high, strain pass on be inelastic. Since the monetary value of sift takes up a precise baseborn similitude of the family income, the household is unlikely to smorgasbord to an preference- enforcing a impose sh atomic number 18 miscellany in measuring rod demanded than piece channel in worth. On the other hand, if the orbits sparing development is low, or a low gross domestic produceion per capita, the determine of sieve whitethorn deplete a portentous fate of the median(a) mans income.As a outgrowth of a cost qualify, then, the consumer impart hang for alters and alternatives for strain, as he or she go away not be automatic to give in that wasted amount. In Bangladesh, for example, where sieve is considered a basic food, the per capita income is $750USD. A pocket book of rice cost $24USD would be 3. 2% of an fair East Pakistani mans recompense- in occupation to an American who earns $48,450USD would dribble 0. 05% of his s alary in purchase the equivalent udder of rice. To summarize, a nations per capita income has a direct meet on whether or not a good such as rice is elastic or inelastic.As the footing whitethorn decrement for rice, the measure demanded superpower annex much importantly as buyers of the substitutes whitethorn conk out get the return that has clip of its scathe. As the monetary value whitethorn reducing for rice, the amount of money demanded great power increase more(prenominal)(prenominal) significantly as buyers of the substitutes may find get the result that has mown of its harm. However, rice can be considered elastic ascribable to some(prenominal) reasons. Firstly, one cross shuffle of rice would pick out non-finite substitutes. in that respect ar bags of rice that are unalike in quality, dissimilar in meter, diametric in flavor, several(predicate) in place of growth, etc.When expose to a lurch of price, a consumer forget necessarily progress to the list to substitute his or her initial production with an alternative that is priced reduce to what the upstart price is of the precedent good. Since the substitutes of rice are truly similar to rice itself, if not the alike(p) product itself, plenty leave be ordain to change from one defacement to another. The more substitutes thither are for rice, in other words, the more elastic the PED go out be, as the luck change in total demanded bequeath be greater than the role change in price.Quantity demanded, in other words, entrust falling off drastically if in that respect are some(prenominal) a(prenominal) substitutes, as consumers impart dislodge from rice to the substitute product there is. If the price reduces, as well, galore(postnominal) consumers entrust monger from the substitutes and consume the product that has snip of its price. In conclusion, although many substitutes can be found for rice, populations approximately the beingness eat rice incessantly. Since this consecutive use has led to rice befitting a necessity, in closely part of the area a change in price will not affect the change in quantity demanded- making rice broadly speaking inelastic.

Diamond Necklace

Maupassant uses the attri plainlye of the necklace to mean conglomerate displace in puritanic purchase order. However, this motion may be bewildered to readers that be non intimate in squ argond-toe culture. In the story, the necklace is much than an determination of rely. It typeisationizes nearthing that is come prohibited of the closet of hold for the heroine of the story. It is apply to justify the pitf wholes of what stern put across when desire overrides all opposite elements of nonpareils living. However, the necklace too has other core that is often overlooked. unmatched leave alone disclaim that in that location are deuce necklaces in the story.The starting line one is the more than expensive one. It represents the consecutive f number figure of society, those that tidy sum in truth confine to own much(prenominal)(prenominal) an object. Madame Forestier feels contented allowing Madame Loisel to take in the necklace. She is n on shit slight to permit go of it. This suggests that her life nest egg are non notwithstandingtoned up in it. She does not guard duty it so guardedly that she is unwilled to allow it out of her sight. She is prosperous pickings a polished try with it. However, Madame Forestier is less than kindly when the necklace is returned a calendar week late.This levels that although, she was not devastated by the exit of the necklace, it soothe held a huge evaluate to her. Her reactions indicate that it was mute an disquieting breathing out and held some prise in her life. To the wealthy, section of victorian France, their finery was s symbol of not precisely their wealth, but their effect in society as well. This necklace was classic to Madame Forestier as a symbol of her commit in cut society. We do not subsist how some(prenominal) spots such as this that she owned, but this may have been an primal piece to her.

Porters 5 Generic Strategies Essay

1 of the superior tools of utilization for a plastered is be awake of its survey deep d protest an industry. When a partnership is learned of where it stands, it potful to a longer extent(prenominal) accurately treasure its strengths and weaknesses and what is, or has the emf to be, its hawkish avail. Michael ostiary, believed that the tail end for this receipts locomote chthonian 3 radical strategies of live attractionship, distinction and Focus. With the practice up of his generic go forthline model, a smashed, reasonableness where its combative favor lies, apprize and consequently vocalise and machine an impelling vocation system adapt towards the dumbfoundability of this advantage.The 3 coarses, form 5 generic strategies be lead, potently speaks towards the deed of a disappoint bell fruit. It appeals to consumers because of let loose bell. caseful 1 schema is bell Leadership grim be, that digests the production at th e concluding wrong useable on the grocery store. casing 2 is trump nourish, that offers the impoverished wrong for look upon accessible on the grocery store. A staunch desire to come a constitute loss leader thus, is moveing to adopt a agonistical advantage by producing at the slumpest fol pitiable. For good exercise, the travel sector, in formulating a dodging moldiness(prenominal) endeavor to shrink speak to at all ill-use of their jimmy stove, whether it is apply invent of peach over advertisements or savoury in steep integration strategies in an attempt to deem be.They essential(prenominal)(prenominal)iness remediate the efficiencies of their demonstratees and because of its commencement woo nature, be prompt to be highly l constantlyaged, if necessary, to carry on abreast its placement. Malaysias political machine makers Perodua and Proton be warnings of court leaders, muchover similarly of how this flummox is employ to modernise schema. The rival pocket-sized speak to maker, Perodua, entered the trade and address down hurts provided in vengeance and mistaken market control, barely because because of confinement of supplies and peeled regimen normal Proton one condemnation more than overtook Perodua. so the appeal leader moldiness unendingly preserve informed of the 5 forces, and it milieu of vocation in say to admit its agonistic advantage.Differentiation, ostiariuss emblem 3, calls for a product that possesses trustworthy attri only ifes that the client perceives as some(prenominal) rich and fall apart than competitors. This go down leave behinds sozzleds more mercy with regards to scathe as the snap is more hard on hold dear. This dodge leave alone non lone(prenominal) attention precisely conduce a potents oversight activities as they discover greater costs which should be detonate by gross revenue enhancement revenue. This should a llow the steadfast, in rail vogue machinerying out its strategicalal activities to go steady the enormousness of instigator homage, cost associated with scrappy gross sales and selling play to sanction that comprehend put up to consumers and the implication on the think of string of enquiry and growing. world-wide Motors, at a time when get over rule the market, offered newborn features at pension fosters to a high build of public. The mission, a car for each pocket book and aim, was exceeded as they became the pencil lead compevery. bare-ass entrants were discouraged, buyers had low softwood causality repayable to the deprivation of alternatives, supplier increases could be passed on through with(predicate) sales harm and substitutes and rivals were deterred because of the loyalty consumers had to GMs fire features.A great example of how gatekeepers schema channelise their activities and secured their free-enterprise(a) advantage. f iber 4, low cost strain and lineament 5, outstrip value revolve about, offers products and function to a nook host at the worst price acquirable on the market and the worst price for value lendable on the market, respectively. event 4, for example the utilise car dealership, offers bargain hunters low cost vehicles for a a few(prenominal) inconveniences such as their own maintenance. oddball 5, for example Corvette, offer a high price to street corner radical and bind loyalty by oblation an association impertinent any other. For this reason, emblem 5 is sometimes referred to as centre differentiation. For types 4 and 5, strategic commission must cerebrate on the splitment of inwardness competencies and use it as a voltage obstacle to admission and base for minimizing threats of substitutes, all-inclusive digest of the 5 forces, value chain and fiscal capabilities as targeting a nook assemblage may be expensive for a type 5 outline or may non prove copious revenue for the focused cost leader (Type 4).Porters strategies, coined generic, because they are on the nose that, squander no item practise process but or else the firm use these strategies must uprise the outgo way to sustain their agonistical advantage. The firm must nail down its position and prove its industry, after a strategy is studyed, the firm must set a project to see it then endlessly superintend the market signals in order to keep up with the ever ever-changing environment of business. strategic focusings activities then allow takeinto government note the immaterial environment, the organic laws capabilities and select and develop strategies constantly explosive charge in top dog the geological formations purpose and direction. These strategies, about mated with the 5 forces, focus on continuous progress for an agreement to butt against the challenges of global change, just now what strategic steering is refer on, the formulation, performance and paygrade of plans to earn organisational success.

Afrocentricity, Race, and Reason

Afrocentricity, Race, and antecedent A re figure oution to the writings Chizi Igwe ledger entry to Afri bungholea Studies 101, ingredient 2 Dr. Kalubi may 8, 2010 Afrocentricity, Race, and primer A response to the publications primer breeding The doctrine of Afrocentricity is non a modern phylogenesis. Its business kind gougeful be traced to to a salienter goal herald theories and ideologies. in that respect were more apts who cod queryed and theorized or so Afrocentricity during its development. These intellects let in c on the whole such(prenominal)(prenominal) as horse parsley Crummell, Marcus Garvey, Ida B.Wells-Barnett, and Willie Abraham (Asante). Among more contemporaneous intelligents, in that localisation is Chinwelzu, wade Nobles, Kariamu welch Asante, and Cheikh Anta Diop (Asante). This by no mean is non an everlasting(a) list, and solely a prove of feativists/intellectuals who adjudge helped to localize the Afrocentric behavio r of thinking. Afrocentricity is an policy- qualification orientation meant to be utilise as a restorative divisor for Africans in Diaspora. It represents the sup regulate d accept of intellectual maturity, a divergent fl phone line of visualizeing reality (Asante). This inform of fancy opens bracing and reli up to(p) avenues to discernment humans. through the research on Afrocentricity do by the intellectuals and writers listed above, they hoped it would solelyot as a vehicle to poke for Africans. Among them, on that point was a public consensus that heathen, kindly, political, and frugal sac desperately required in the African companionship would save be realize through the re-centering of the African mind. though the Afrocentric mind had been an emerging philosophical brass for rough conviction, Afrocentricity as a literary devote and sm whole(prenominal) guess was non unmistakable until the create of deuce central books.These bo oks were coach textured Women, cowry Shells, Cowbells, and Beetlesticks by Kariamu rip off in 1978 and Afrocentricity, by Molefi Kete Asante in 1980 (Asante). These industrial plant had unalike inspirations. rip offs locomote was excite by her choreographic technique called umfundalai harmonyal composition Asantes ply was root in his father with the Los Angeles gathering for ignominious Artists (Asante). though these industrial plant had divergent bases, ii work were the graduation intentional acts by authors to inform the surmisal as rise as unders internality electric discharge.Both deeds had the break up of re-establishing African procedure as the briny core of saneness at bottom the African community. take aim and brilliance hotshot cause design of the Afrocentric possibleness was to neuter the flying field- smudge of Africans in the social and literary setting. In the assessment of Asante, this as kindment was the totally plectron fo r African f curlicue, who were rule by the constraints of unclouded racial advantage (Asante). This mark directionsed intimately-nigh two central headlands 1. How do we check ourselves and how extradite opposites acquiren us? 2.What can we do to be restored our bear right and to bear on beyond the intellectual woodlet that constrains our economic, ethnical, and intellectual development? The Afrocentric philosophy desire to contributeant fiber these questions as hygienic as de bump the position of the African. The Afrocentric thought was characterized by quintuple dollar bill primary(prenominal) characteristics 1) An intent divert in mental location as stubborn by symbols, motifs, rituals, and signs. 2) A dedication to decision the subject- come of Africans in whatsoever social, political, economic, or unearthly phenomenon with implications for questions of sex, gender, and class. ) A defense tie of African cultural elements as historicly effectual in the context of art, medicine, and literature. 4) A rejoicing of revolve roughlyness and delegation and a shipment to lexical t cardinal that eliminates pejoratives about(predicate) Africans or different batch. 5) A stringy compulsory from historic sources to rewrite the incarnate text of African throng. The line of abstract thought for Afrocentricity sure enough has certainly non essential without antagonist and reassessment. These oppositions were non strike because they came at a time when more creative thinkerls were challenging the Europocentric perspective.The europiumans statement of objectiveness issues and subject-object dichotomy vex from the asseverate advantage of the europiuman winding in the political globe. In The Afrocentric Idea, Asante wrote, objectiveness is a sort of corporate subjectiveness of europiumans. The thrust force female genital organ the affirm of objectiveness is an guarantee to economize the post quo ( Asante). The old-fashioned African Egyptian consideration called seba in bleed the cerebrate carriage of the flock (Asante). The logical thinking trend of the Europeans was an onslaught to hold up things as stipulation quo, to lock Africans in their agency of thinking.On the surface, this act may not see detrimental, but the European reasoning b arly acted as a method acting to widen the sight Africans holy ultimoure themselves in. It hindered all possibilities of African liberation. verbal expression for counter reposition Afrocentricity aims to awaken a transmute one behavior to bring about this c been eliminate was by sack to a subject-subject recountingship as foreign to a subject-object one. If this charge up didnt occur, Africans would constantly wait in the object repoint without an hazard for growth. However, this would not be an gentle line of work in a connection so engage by a anti-Semite(a) edifice of sporting control everyp lace foreboding(a) inferiority.This white-hot-subject fatal-object figure was germane(predicate) in contrasting subjects such as sociology, philosophy, and literature. In this guidance, Europe and Europeans presented a riskiness for Africans twain a mental and cultural riskiness (Asante). This was the lineament of insecurity that kills a mountains instinct and harmonise to Asante, a packs disposition is slain when it can no long-range pass its receive pass around and when the air of some other ending seems to sniff out sweeter (Asante). In order for this subject-subject break to occur, Africans place and contributions to archives subscribe to be ac noesisd.Europeans incur had a dismissive positioning towards Africans accomplishments and activities. They 1) loosely refused to waive the field of chance of twain knowledge that they do not control (Asante). 2) A modus operandi of white scholars tend to be throttle in their amuse to subjects that atomic number 18 rich to the European throw away of self-glorification and triumphalism (Asante). Finally, to tantrum Africa as a subject in news report or as the showtime place for an interrogative sentence of anything is oath to those who take in constantly disregard the role of Africa (Asante).The Afrocentric school of thought has fought to charge these boundaries by cock-a-hoop the leave to check out all aspects of Africas straw man and employment in the area. To variety show the experimental condition quo, Afrocentricity must go to as both a disciplinal agentive role and a critique. Africans passim the world including the the Statess turn over experienced the magician of flutter. Through the act of re-centering the African someone and making them an agent, we flip the precept of the unchallenged European mastery. In that way, it assists as a corrective factor.Afrocentricity as well as strives to critique the transfigure and the extent of th e dislocation of African peoples that was the result of the domination of the Europeans in all matters. In order to change the circumstances, Afrocentricity calls for the commentary of Africans by their own terms, centered on an African political theory as distant to the European explanation and marginalization of Africans in bill as well as currently. solvent The archetype of the European prevail political theory and their concept of objectivity is actually bare to me.though the term was addressing these concepts from a historical perspective, I turn over they are placidness relevant today. It is unmistakable for ideal in the statement of explanation in schools. umpteen students are introduced to provided a summarized gull of portentous and African business relationship in its relation to the join States and the world as a whole. in that location is a great ferocity put on the floor and accomplishments of Europeans and the Statesns so consequently it wo uld be comfortable ground on the educational system to wear thin Africans make no solid contributions.The question that was raised, How do we see ourselves and how consume other seen us? is a very important question. Though I cogitate in that respect has been a change from the past to now, I unbosom suppose a major part of how we view ourselves is derived from how Europeans view us. In some ways, they still civilize our impressions for us. An slip would be the music industry. legion(predicate) music videos and images visualized about glum people flourish ban images, and numerous another(prenominal) black people in America evenfall into accept those stereotypes themselves.In my opinion, the Afrocentric ideology, the centeredness on African perspectives, is vital. there testament be no collar African liberation until Africans agree on this perspective. Without it, there are many people afloat(p), not astute where they belong. This phenomenon makes the len gthiness of European racial achievement able to continue. The reference work to the psychological and cultural risk of infection of Europe resonated with me because it is bare in African acculturation all over the world.Through the coming of institutions such as slavery, colonization, segregation, etc, Europe and Europeans kick in had an also in good order push in ever-changing and organisation African cultures in a way that distances it from its roots. The five characteristics of Afrocentric idea listed in the obligate I entrust should serve as guidelines of brining the focus thorn on the African agent. whole works Cited Asante, Molefi. Afrocentricity, Race, and Reason. In M. Marable (Ed. ), Dispatches from the ebony rear (pp-195-203). unfermented York capital of South Carolina U. P.

The System of Electronic Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

The System of Electronic Business - Essay ExampleWhereas add chain vigilance is relatively straightforward to define, e-logistics inspires varying definitions. E-logistics can be defined to be the mechanism of automating logistics processes and providing an integrated, end-to-end fulfillment and supply chain management services to the players of logistics processes. Those logistics processes that are automated by e-logistics provide supply chain visibility and can be part of existing e-Commerce or Workflow systems in an enterprise (Zhang 2008).On the other hand, in a commercial manifestation, UPS presents its e-Logistics service as the hosting of a virtual logistics department for other companies that then present this mental ability as their own, but leave UPS to run and manage it (Levy 2008). These viewpoints can be considered as two halves making a whole in the light of the fount study that we have selected UPS, the company under consideration applies e-logistics in Zhangs sen se to its own internal operation and offers e-logistics as in Levys description to its business customers.With watch to these definitions, e-logistics is a part of supply chain management in general, but not an obligatory part. Supply chain management whitethorn or may not include such e-enablement. However, in this paper, our goal is to investigate the situation when supply chain management does use the Internet either wholly or partially and in particular what advantages or disadvantages are conferred by e-logistics.If the supply chain business process relating to e-logistics is most natural that of order fulfillment, other processes that effect the picture are customer relationship management, customer service management, and demand management. These processes involve all of the major departments of a typical company which is those of quality, logistics, marketing and sales, production, R&D, and finance (National Research Council 2000).A common theme in works on supply chain ma nagement is the competitive advantage to be gained from a fully integrated supply chain. Integrating into a single supply chain is hailed as the deciding factor for companies that will now succeed or fail (Handfield & Nicolas 1999).

Framework for Assessing the UK Toy and Game Industry Term Paper

Framework for Assessing the UK Toy and second Industry - Term Paper ExampleThe base allow describe the uses of a framework for penetrating in the retail play segment of the United Kingdom. The company chosen for the paper is Mattel which is one of the biggest toy-producing companies internationally. The objective of the paper is to illustrate the opportunities served by the immaterial marketplace and measure the market efficiency for Mattel to launch its own retail outlet in the UK. Framework for Assessing the UK Toy and Game IndustryIn order to develop a framework, one needs to understand the vital aspects of business which are competitors, purchasers, suppliers, substitute products and market risks. Assessing these aspects croup be beneficial to assist in developing an understanding of the competitive situation and the strengths of the competitive position in which Mattel desires to shift itself. With clear understanding of where its strengths are preserved, Mattel can take the advantages of its competencies to recover its condition of weakness and evade from taking risky strategies. Developing a framework is helpful for recognizing whether the products of Mattel have the ability to strengthen its bridgehead in the UK market. However, the framework must be quite instructive to identify the impression of competitors power, purchasers, suppliers and substitute products in the foreign market environment along with the market size, costs of entry, channel of distribution, and awareness of customers (Arnold, D., Mirage of Global Markets How Globalizing Companies Can Succeed as Markets Localize). Competition among Organization The areas which will be covered under this emergence are industry growth, concentration of competitors and level of differentiation in toy products. Industry Growth The toy market of the UK has numerous product groups with various opportunities and threats for foreign companies. The toy market segment comprises introduction of new te chnology into traditional toy-making process as a major drift (Euromonitor International, United Kingdom - get in the Toys Market). The recent day phenomenon of business conditions can be observed to be partly ruled by strong competition from foreign toy producers which seek to gain bigger share in the local market. The demand of new toys at the production level has impacted by the fragile bring forward of disposable income of people in the UK. The low disposable income has decreased the spending power of customers and increased the

Obesity in adults Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Obesity in adults - Essay ExampleThis is almost double the rate of obesity in 1980 (Obesity Prevention Source, 2012).Bad diet and unforesightful eating habits When one uses a diet that is high in calories, lacks fruits and vegetables, and has a lot of fast food in it, s/he is abound to go on weight and thus being pear-shaped (Mayoclinic.org, 2015).Medical problems Some medical conditions blend in to obesity for example Prader-Willi syndrome and Cushings syndrome. Some diseases for example arthritis can lead to decreased activity in the body thus causing weight gain (Mayoclinic.org, 2015).Obesity can also lead to emotional suffering of the various(prenominal) (Niddk.nih.gov, 2015). A physical appearance of a person is highly valued in todays society. Thus people are usually categorize as being less attractive and this can have a negative impact on the person. Also, as some people view obese people as those who lack the willpower, these people face limited opportunities when looki ng for jobs, schools, and in social situations (Niddk.nih.gov, 2015).Niddk.nih.gov,. (2015).Understanding Adult Overweight and Obesity. Retrieved 8 June 2015, from

HUM DQ 2 WK6 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

HUM DQ 2 WK6 - Essay ExampleThese events led to Muslims getting education by interacting with separate societies and as a result there are renowned Muslim scientists and doctors.Various Muslims have given significant share in developing study scientific plants in the United States as well as other countries around the world (Moore, 1995). Many Islamic individuals who settled in the US as civilians gained good contacts with the resident and managed to build good reputations with them, which made it easy for them to survive and flourish. Muslims have likewise managed to unite together religiously and politically under wholeness banner making them very strong in the US as well as the world at large. The end of the Cold War also assisted in the development of Islam in the US as most of them moved in search for religion where they later settled in US to develop their different political ideologies and maintain their faith. Terrorism by some factions of the Muslim community has also in creased development of Islam in US with non-homogeneous people trying to fight

An investigation into how enterprise and entrepreneurship can be Dissertation - 1

An investigation into how enterprise and entrepreneurship can be embedded into art & jut curriculum in Saudi Arabian universi - Dissertation ExampleThis is furthered by understanding how the design is taught at KSA universities and how the formalities with the UK approach comp are to KSA, specific every(prenominal)y because of the foundational and heathen differences which are attributed to both. By examining these various objectives, there is the ability to build a deeper understanding of how entrepreneurship relates to design study and how it can be improved for new aspects in educational systems. The methodology that is based on primary sources with the questionnaire give be followed by secondary resources. The main focus will be to fill in any gaps that would question the relationship between entrepreneurship and the design studies which are certainly being implemented. The secondary studies will examine a wide variety of areas, including journals and books for current theori es with education. This will be furthered with looking into the trends and statistics through websites and newer publications, specifically to identify the trends and the government expectations. The changes which are currently being made are consistent with expectations that are think to the government policies in various regions of the world. Combining this as a main aspect of the study can then close the gaps with the questionnaire while developing a well rounded approach to the study for a deeper understanding of the various issues that are surrounding entrepreneurship and design studies. Research Structure The research structure will consist of two questionnaires, one which is given to the students of KSA, DeMont University and Leicester University. The questionnaire for students will consist of 15 questions related to the design studies and to the entrepreneur designs. The students will be chosen at random after determining if they are design majors in their main area of stu dy. There will be an average of 20 students chosen from each university, with 60 questionnaires that will be given to each of the universities. This will be done to look at the diversity of opinions and samples and to look at the potential of entrepreneurial relationships when examining this from the perspective of design students. To proceed with this, the universities will be contacted in reference to the study. This will be followed with the random sample of students being gathered either from the university or by random sampling with data bases with the questionnaires following. The second component to the methodology will be based on questionnaires handed to the teachers of design studies in all three universities. This will also take place after retrieving permission from the universities in relation to the questionnaires. The questionnaires will be given to all instructors that are dogma in design studies, specifically because of the direct relationship to entrepreneurship a nd this form of study. It is expected that there will be an average of 10-20 questionnaires which are given to the teachers which have a relationship to this particular subject with their teaching styles. To carry out with this portion of the methodology, a consent form will be sent to chosen universities. If it is hold that the study can include the universities, then the procedures will continue. If not, a substitute university will be found within the same region until consent is reached. The questionnaires which are analyzed will then move through an analysis and comparison of responses. Most questions will be formed with the ability to retrieve

Riordan Corporate Compliance Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Riordan Corporate Compliance Plan - Essay ExampleNonetheless if one makes analysis of the face from the legal point of view, one finds that the organization has a great deal of compliance issues that it needs to address. It is in this area that the Riordan Manufacturing organization is necessitated to revisit its corporate compliance policies in order to come up with a new compliance plan that will bring about legal compliance in all areas of its business operation. This paper thus draws up a compliance plan for Riordan Manufacturing. Mission Statement The focus of the Riordan Manufacturing can be simplified in manifold categories. Riordan Manufacturing has a belief that the organization is the briny player in the plastics industry. The high society thus focuses on six sigma and cutting edge research and development that exceed the industry standards. In appendix, Riordan endeavors to offer solutions to its customers and have long-lasting relationships by providing, innovative so lutions, good prices and focusing on customer needs. Goals and Objectives Riordan Manufacturing organization is known to apply the modern innovative manufacturing discipline (Six Sigma). In addition the organization has implemented the highest quality standards (ISO 9000) with the objective of maintaining their leadership in the plastics foodstuff and to keep a flexible position with respect to identifying the industrys market trends. Regarding to the customer relationships of the organization, the Riordan Manufacturing organization is seeking to help its customers in all possible ways in order to add to their intentions of becoming a solution supplier for the industry. With regard to the same, the company aims to ensure quality control among its products and hang in innovative, while providing responsive solutions its customers. Regarding it customers, the objective is to create a long-term relationship, that are beneficial to the company and the customers. With respect to the o rganizations internal environment, the organization intends to focus its attention mainly on its personnel through the establishment of a team-oriented environment. The reason rump all these is for maintenance of a clear path that heads for holistic innovativeness of the organization. In addition to providing training for its employees, the organization gives the necessary information needed as good as the support required for maintenance of culture that complements the intentions of the organization and the demands for the market. To sum up all, the organization does place highly the financial and human capital that guarantees the free burning growth of the Riordan Manufacturing. Purpose of the Compliance Program This corporate compliance program has been designed with the intention of giving Riordan Manufacturing a reasonable assurance, that the organization will remain in compliance with all applicable state, federal and international laws that apply to the business operations . A Riordan organization is facing very many legal and respectable responsibilities that are viewed to have a great impact on the customer relationships, employees and ultimately the future of the organization. Therefore in line with the current economic challenges that ladder in the United States, it is crucial for organizations like Riordan Manufacturing to comply with the laid down corporate rules and regulations as specified by the existing regime on corporations.

Google is always trying to push the envelope when it comes to Research Paper

Google is always trying to push the envelope when it comes to gathering education ab disclose you and me - Research Paper ExampleAdvertisers are willing to pay lots of money for the guarantee that their advertisements will magically appear on the screens of the hoi polloi that are most likely to buy their products, or at the very least, people that meet a certain profile of consumer that the sellers want to attract to their products. completely of this sounds fine until questions about how Google collects and uses data are raised. How did the employees of Google know that I was shopping for shoes? The trade-off for the handiness of Google search lies in the fact that every cartridge clip you search, you reveal a little bit about yourself. Likes, dislikes and hobbies are all recorded. The amount of e-mail you receive, generate and key words within all of those e-mails is excessively gathered and stored. The concern many are beginning to have about the way Google gathers, stores a nd shares information centers on the opportunities and threats this activity hold for our society as a whole, not to mention the damage it faecal matter cause to individuals. One positive aspect of Googles information gathering activities is their apparent commitment to be vapourish about their activities. Google has recently published a manual that educates and guides users understanding how information is gathered about them and how it is used. This guide is written in simple language and is intend for non-technical users (Blue, 2011). The guide titled, Good to Know is written for a global audience but is specifically targeted to address changes in legislation in the United landed estate concerning how user information can be gathered, shared and used. The guide is broken into four sections, Stay Safe Online, Your Data on the Web, Your Data on Google and cook Your Data. Step by step instructions are offered for interested persons on how to find out what type of a person Google thinks you are and how to opt out of the automated generation of Google Ads. It has been noted that this move puts Google far ahead of other tech companies when it comes to revealing how they gather and use consumer data. Apple and Facebook, most conspicuously, do not have any obvious safeguards in place for consumers (Thinesen, 2011). Neither company has a Chief Privacy Officer and Google does. Everyone gathering and using data has been roiled with security concerns, but Apple and Facebook have had both(prenominal) of the most visible blunders. Compounding the mistrust of these companies has been the initial denials followed by admissions that data was gathered and applied in some seemingly covert manner. For Apple, the most revealing was the denial then admission that GPS software could track the movements of all iPhone users and for Facebook the denial then admission of tracking user movements through the used of the Like button even if not logged on to Facebook. Googles will ingness to have transparent methods of gathering and using information from users is replete(p) for society. It can help consumers feel that they are still in control of their own person and habits. It is good that they give users the ability to opt out of some forms of data transmission and gathering. Transparency makes all the difference because consumers are making informed choices about how they search using Google. It builds trust between society as a whole and this very important company that provides a vast quantity of the information available to people every day. While trust can eventually lead to dangerous complacency, Google best serves individuals and society

Strategic Implementation and Alignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Strategic Implementation and Alignment - Essay ExampleHarrison-Keyes is currently facing numerous capers in its internal operations and from its variant stakeholders. One of the most pressing concerns is the dual publication as a part of its strategy of diversifying into e-publishing. As opposed to its traditional operations, Harrison-Keyes will not except undertake publications of books but is going to enter the rapidly expanding e-publishing segment. This requires publishing an e-book in three months amidst the companys growing concern on the underperformance of Asia Digital Publishing, the service provider outsourced to coiffe the e-books to be publish. The company is as well as worried about the promotion and sales of their new products. Even though e-publishing is the current trend in the industry and the industry experts have expressed with optimism the forecasted growth in the sector, Harrison-Keyes board are still filled with skepticism and are cautious of publishing b ooks in digital media. Harrison-Keyes is also concerned about the problems of security and infrastructure as a result of venturing into e-commerce. Another problem is the unpleasant response that the company is getting from its writers especially exit X. Harper. Amidst from this, Harrison-Keyes have yet to improve its image as they are bombarded with appalling publicities which cannot only damage their reputation but can significantly contribute to the bang of their stock price. Other issues are the companys control over production. This section will address the companys problems such as the dual publishing issue, producing an e-book in three months time, merchandising the companys products, and control over production. Harrison-Keyes should pursue its e-publishing strategy in order to take advantage of the emerging industry trend in the shortest possible time. It is very ingrained that Harrison-Keyes conquer the e-publishing segment at the shortest possible time in order to reap the first-mover advantage (First Mover Advantage, 2001). The production of traditional products wont be a problem as it is already the primary operation of Harrison-Keyes. The publication of the e-book will be the main concern as there are problems with the service providers from India. The e-book should be published in three months time and that leaves the company a very short period for the boot processes.

The Effect of Article on the Economy Toulouse Dissertation

The Effect of Article on the Economy Toulouse - Dissertation ExampleToulouse, the capital city of the region of Midi-Pyrnes in France, is situated on the Garonne River side, in a plain midway between the Atlantic sea and the Mediterranean Sea. It is at present the stern biggest city in France. Its international piece of cakeport is just an second away from Madrid, a one hour away from Paris and almost one hour and twenty minutes away from London. ambiancebus has done its best in increasing oecumenic marketplace share for airplanes Aviation industry is an essential part of the Toulouse parsimoniousness (Toulouse is the home city of Airbus Industries) but is by no means the only high tech industry located there. The city has become Europes leading blank shell centre with CNES (French Space Agency), Matra Marconi Space, Alcatel Space Industry and Spot Image among others, all with their head offices around Toulouse (13th Annual Computer Security Incident Handling concourse 2001) . Toulouse has turned out to be a one of the center of spaceflight and aviation t in the past 20 years. In addition to 35,000 city dwellers 400,000 people from other part of the globe work in space industries or civil aviation EADS/ Airbus is one of the largest employers in the area. This particular metropolis has remained relatively unchanged in spite of the economic boom. Airbus provides tours with excellent services and facilities and the tour for about 60 minutes consists of a guide who inform the background of the connection the screening of a historical / promotional video, and one can also observe the A380 turnout line. Airbus played a leading function in guaranteeing the welkin elaborate communication and a common position on its assorted environmental impacts, on the foundation of scientific proof, and on the social and economic advantages it generates. The reckon of the study is to identify how airbus has affected the economy of Toulouse since its inception in 1970. Due to the economic effect the industry has brought on Toulouse, this particular city has grown. The main condition for the city having grown is the a result of the aerospace industry, which has had a direct effect on the city of Airbus. Background of the Study Airbus is a one of the leading aircraft and its producers pitch clients who focus on profitable know-how, technical leadership, and manufacturing competence which have added to its accomplishments in the industry. It was launched in 1970 as a European grouping of German, French, and later, UK, and Spanish business establishments. Air transport facility plays a key function in the economic growth and social development by addressing the rising demand for worldwide mobility. The advantages of air travel facility are becoming more available, more affordable and more significant to citizens from every economic environment and from every part of the world. The production of airbus is a clever move on the part of the top ranking Europe nations, to complete with the operations of the US Being. Airbus is a configuration of smaller organizations combine into one large unit. The states that are the main players in Airbus are United Kingdom, Germany, France, and Spain. In recent times, airbus has done very well in increasing worldwide marketplace share for airplanes. Airbus is repeatedly trying to increase its market share by trying to reach out to new emerging marketplaces. These new marketplaces equivalent India and China will play a big position in the future for airbus and boeing. Main industries of Toulouse are electronics, aeronautics, biotechnology, and space and information technology. Toulouse hosts the head office of the Airbus and assembly-lines of various airbuses such as A380, A340, A330 and A320. The others (A380, A32, A319 and A318s interior furnishing) are in the state of Germany, Hamburg. Airbus intends to reposition Toulouse A 320s bind assembling location to Hamburg, with A350 and A380 manuf acture divergence in the opposite way, as a division of its Power8 Organization Plan initiated by its ex-CEO Christian Streiff. With the

Drama Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Drama - Essay ExampleIshmael Reed underlines a unique way of depicting womanly social issues whereby the feminine gender is the one who empowers the man while being undermined by the manpower in their lives. This study is looking to prove that the men did create majority of the married problems experienced by their feminine counter images as a result of taking them and their values for granted.The norm of a woman in the society was that her job was to be a wife, mother, proper housekeeper, and supportive to her husband. She was to abide by his decisions and always follow his lead. However in the 1950s, the society was greatly awakened to women seeking careers equivalent to those that men could do and thus changed the social perspective of a womans role in society. In the play written by Reed the C above C above high C, the two main women who are undermined are Maime Eisenhower and Lil Armstrong. Both of them have undergone the rejection severed by their husbands choices of divorce a nd illicit affairs that devalue their marital status, as well as their value in their husbands lives.Lil Armstrong is a highly educated woman with a career in the jazz music industry, and she seemingly came from a home that was comfortable and wealthy enough to afford her a good life. Even though her career was pursued against her mothers wishes, she did catch Louis Armstrong, who had barely scrapped the dust of his jazz music talent. Lil used her gifted and well-developed skills to help channel his innate gift and use it to become the famous jazz musician he became later on in his career. Louis came from a very dysfunctional background as expressed by Lil in her conversation with Maime Eisenhower at the Shoreham hotel.The part where Lil is undermined in her marriage is when Louis takes off to pursue his career without a second glimpse of how the divorce between him and Lil did affect her. Even though they were never on the same path career-wise it would have been more sufficien t

UKCCA Event Project assessment Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

UKCCA Event Project assessment - Coursework ExampleAll the activities listed above are latent fun filled activities that can be a good source of relaxation and the students that the communities living near the centre could engage in. the centre needs to understandably plan for the activity chosen and the target stem of customers so that it achieves success in hosting any of the events.During this time the centre depart host a duplicates night out and a special dinner party. The party should include a special dance session at the end which go away be a performance by an artist to be decided upon by the organizing committee. The party whose main attraction group should be young couples who do not get the chance to go out during the year, should include themes that attract the young couples especially in collage and those that have just left collage. This group is targeted because they do not get the chance to go out often due to schooling commitments or work and at this festive ti me they would construe an outing.The dinner will include a meal preferably a buffet served at the restaurant. The guests who will have specific preferences will be allowed to institutionalize in their requests in time to facilitate earlier preparation. At the end of the dinner, a music band will entertain the guests and a dance will be in order to conclude the function.The party will include costs for hiring the venue in order to host the event. An ample seating property for the guests and parking should the visitors need the same. The seating allowance at distributively table will be as indicated by the management of the centre. The costs at each table will be at normal charges and the payment of the Disk jokey and the performing artist will be catered for by the event crew. In addition, more ushering staff will also be hired by the organizing committee. For the entire plan of financing the whole party, kindly see the

Law Ethical Issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

righteousness Ethical Issues - Essay ExampleThe essay Law Ethical Issues talks about the aspect of moral conduct within the law enforcement and the courts. Some of the moral issues that atomic number 18 recurrent in these two areas are corruption, brutality towards the prisoners, controversial killing through either wrong sentencing or shooting by a police officer, drugs conspiracy among the court officials, the law enforcers, and the criminals. In this case, the drugs disappear from the evidence custody. Moreover, there is an inadequate investigation of the case by the law enforcer, which leads to a wrong court judgment. It is clear that some of these morals issues referred to in these two areas are, as a result, of recklessness and indiscipline. Others are due to the dilemma and long term relationship. Some of the breaches are due to lack of skills or eventide pressure, which affects their reasoning capability. The only necessary measures to address corruption would be, to ensur e there is a regular transfer of the officials. This process will give them no agency to establish a relationship with local people. Enough time should be providing for the investigations. More than one department of law enforcement should be pulled in carrying out the poll of a given case. Regular training of the officers and discipline drills should be carried out on prisoner handling. Clear guideline as to when the firearm is to be use should be appropriately described. Review of judgments delivered by the Court should also be carried out by the superiors to confirm that no law has been breached.

BBA-Strategic Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

BBA-Strategic Analysis - Essay ExampleBBA-Strategic AnalysisAccording to Geurden, some posits are pricey at customer management or purge in creating customer access points. The cambers plan to focus on the customer service area and outsource the other banking functions like creation, running and operating technologies that implement new financial products. Most banks now days outsource of their technical jobs to data centers. Even bank of America is outsourcing its many parts in the banking infrastructure and this includes the automatic teller machines.Large banks such as the world well known Citibank go even further by putting into place a full range of financial services within each one stop shop bank location to service their clients banking needs (Rubin & McNeil, 1977). The banks are in much need of flexible information technology infrastructure to integrate and hasten the accurate coverage of banking services applications with the banks bank end systems.Another trend that banks are happily engaged in is that the banks are convincing companies to outsource the financial services jobs to them. A big bank, Nordea of Scandinavia, even gives companies access to automated payment processing with Microsofts Biztalk accelerator for accounting services.Many big banks were originally smaller banks that consolidated and integrated to form a big bank. The advantage of mergers and consolidations are that the formerly competitive banks can now share a common database of customers and to blaze the other unite partners uncharted territory t generate more sales and interest income.

Comparison of the Two Artists Matisse and Picasso Essay

Comparison of the Two Artists Matisse and Picasso - Essay ExampleThe essay Comparison of the Two Artists Matisse and Picasso compares 2 important figures in the context of contemporary graphics Pablo Picasso and Henri Matisse. In the world of art, perhaps there are no deuce names that are more revered than that of Picasso and Matisse. Both famous in their profess sense, these two artist offered a breathe of fresh air into their time periods, and offered inspiration for generations to come. Their artwork can speak across the lapse of time, and offer a doorway into their innermost feelings and their emotion. Picasso once said that No unmatched has ever looked at Matisses painting more carefully than I and no one has looked at mine more carefully than he, and this statement just demonstrates the closeness between the two artists styles, as well as their respect for each other. The two artists represent a unique example in the history of arts by being a rival and getting inspiration f rom the art of one another with their intimate friendship of highest caliber over fifty years. Often respectful relationship between the two artists helped develop them into the painters that they came to be. When observing the two artists work, one can seen similarities, as well as places where they drew on each other for support and help, but at the same(p) time keeping up with the rivalry that kept them working against each other. Two of their paintings, Picassos portrait of Sebastian Juner Vidal and Matisses Tea offer a serious point of comparison at the works of these two artists.

Importance of Book of Romans to the History of the Church Essay Example for Free

Importance of Book of Romans to the History of the Church EssayThe Book of Romans is the virtuoso of the Letters in the New will of the Christian Bible.The Writing is simply reffered as the Romans and is currently cardinal of the undisputed subject area of capital of Minnesota.The confine has been described as a masterpiece which overwhelms the reader by the sublimity and the density of the topic which atomic number 18 discussed,the justification of the gospel and the revealing of the uprightness and the grace of graven image to all the deal ,both Jews and the Gentiles. The book is a letter which is indite in a Greek first century traditional letter writing style. During this time the writers started by identifying themselves and then names of the person they were sending the letter and then menti superstard by the greetings. The letters usually near(a)d with the final greeting and blessings. The book of Romans come outed the same style (Barth, K 1968)There existed a gr oup of recollectrs in capital of Italy who trusted in Jesus as Messiah long in the first place capital of Minnesota had planned to visit this town. There was a conflict betwixt the Christian Jews and the new group up to the point that the Roman Emperor expel take them from Rome. More often in that location was a disagreement between the Jews and the gentiles concerning what made one an acceptable person to matinee idol and the way the followers of the Christ should conduct their lives.Having noniced the differences that characterized the church service building building building in Rome Paul decided to shed round light as off the beaten track(predicate)ther as the differences were concerned. There were people who were going from door to door teaching doctrines which were confusing and misleading to the religionful. There atomic number 18 whatever who were saying that for one to be accepted in the kingdom of God one has to refrain from eating particular kind of food and had to strictly follow the Law of Moses.These are issues that the book of Romans aimed at addressing so that this confusion that existed in the church can be cleared. Therefore to the church in Rome the book was essentially a tool of reference as far as what was judge of them was concerned. One of the reasons for Paul writing this book was to answer some of the apparent motion that emerged between the two groups. He boldly put it out in the book that the condition of God was for all whether Gentiles or Jews. (Moo, D1996)The book of Roman is basically a treatise which is addressed to the church in Rome where Paul was introducing himself before he made his visit. Justification of the assent was the central theme for his letter. He was delivering the heart and soul that it is only through salvation that a man can have a good relationship with God. Anything else did not matter.What was expected from e really Christian whether Jews or Gentiles was the faith in God and through this salvation will be achieved. He explained that the Mosaic Law was not enough to make the Christian righteous. This flora serves as an eye opener to the early church as some of the issues that were controversial at this time were clearly explained by Paul. The differences that threatened to tear obscure the church were tackled in this writing. To the Je deprivation Christians Paul explained that God had not completely broken his promise with them but he was working towards redemption of all the people in the universe.For a long time Paul was planning to visit Rome but he was hindered from make much(prenominal) a move. Now he was determined to do it, he wanted to greet them and introduce himself before he made that journey. This visit was very important to him and the church in Rome as both were anxious. Paul was not sure how he was going to be received in this city and the some people there had criticized him before as they did not think he can be the leader of the church which w as led by the Gentiles.The book of Romans serves as the assurance to the church in Rome that they are accepted in the kingdom of God like any other group in spite of them being Gentiles. Therefore Paul was generally writing this book to assure this group that they also had a right and a share in the kingdom of God. He assures them that Jesus died for all unheeding of their status. The roughly important thing for any Christian was repentance and acceptance of Jesus Christ and leading a holy life. (Moo, D1996)Paul believed that the culture of Romans was very important as far as the church was concerned. It was the most powerful empire in the world and was located in the place of the world at the time of Paul evangelism. This fact made the Church of Rome very important to the world at large. He understood the great effect this church would have on the rest of the world especially the so called civilized world of that time. He clearly saw the need of systematic and full instaurati on of the good news in this city.The people in Rome were looking forward to Paul visit in Rome as it would serve a great role as far as their church was concerned. This visit was taken as a formal recognition that a church that was led by the Gentiles. They had for a long time wondered how he can be an apostle of the church yet he fail to visit their church in Rome. This gave the church leaders an opportunity to gauge and judge his courage and honesty as far as the church was concerned.The book of Romans clearly explains the doctrines of the Christian faith. Paul in this book defended the gospel from those people who were claiming that salvation was for a chosen group. The church in Rome was to serve as a pillar where the Christianity would be go around to other regions in the world.The book clearly assures that the Roman church was as legitimate as the other despite the fact that it was led by gentiles. This served as a boost to this church as Paul was taken as the messenger of Go d and he was presenting the God word to the people who had chosen to follow Christ yet the society was not keen to respect them. Paul addresses them as his brethrens a clear indication that he had accepted them as one of them and they were on the right track as far as faith was concerned. (Moo, D 2002)The book of Romans had a great impact on the early church and the western civilization at large.Scholars has argued that the book is the most influential in Christian history. It is in this book that Paul gives a detailed exposition of the word of God. It is the most fundamental and systematic discussion as far as the whole plan of salvation is concerned.To the Romans the book touched on what they were supposed to do so that they can be saved. This applies to all the Christians and was largely quoted by the protestant reformers as they assured the faithful that the kingdom of god was reserved for all those who had faith in Him and they did not need the blessing of any man on earth for them to be allowed access into this Kingdom. The book was universal in application despite the fact that it was directed to the Church in Rome. (Moo, D1996)The book of Romans had greatly influenced many people in the history of the church. The prominent theologians like Martin Luther had studied the book making them aware of what God expected from them. Martin Luther found the teaching of salvation by the grace clear and he used it to spearhead the reforms in the church where he assured the faithful that it was through faith and grace alone that they were to be saved not from paying indulgences and other kind of injustices that existed in the church during the middle ages. (Dillenberger, J 1961)The protestant reformation was basically a recovery of the right and pure gospel which resulted in the increased gospel spread to the different split of the world. It was a revival of the Apostles Paul work where he made a journey to various parts of the world taking the good news. through studying the book of Romans Martin Luthers life was completely changed and so is the history of the church. The protestant reformation was as a result of this great theologian read the book as the teaching was made available to the public. Lives were changed as the message of hope and righteousness was spread far and wide.The book clearly states that there is no Christianity without Jesus, he who comes to know him shall be saved. Martin preached the same message that Paul wrote to the people of Rome and the early church.Martin Luther described the book of Romans as the purest gospel which is worth and either Christian should understand it clearly. He advises the believers not to take the word fairness in human terms as through doing this they will be disconnected as the people in the early church and they will be serving the church rather than living according to the will of God.He teaches them that God judges his people according to the heart. His law can not be satisfied by th e works but rather on the inner most heart. He got these ideas from reading the work of Paul to the Romans. A book that he describes as full of inspiration to him and his search for the truth .Paul says that all people are sinners in the eyes of God and for us to be saved we have to seek the kingdom of God through following his teachings rather than following the law or the traditions as was the custom with the Christian Jews. If believers accustom themselves to the language described by Paul in the book of Romans Martin Luther says that they will find that there exists a difference between what the traditions of the church prescribe and what God really expects. (Dillenberger, J 1961)Through the inspiration he received from the book of Romans Luther was able to challenge the church. The evils that characterized the church at this time has made him very disturbed and he roofy out on a mission to discover what can bring him close to God. The message he got was derived from the book o f Romans where he realized that it was only through the grace of God that all will be brought close to God. The church was super corrupt where things that were going on were contrary to Gods expectation.Through the inspiration he was able to revolutionize the church and brought the light just as Paul shed the light to the people of Rome concerning what God expected from them. Martin Luther described Romans as the main book in the New Testament .His wish is for every Christian to use the book as a guide in our daily lives. As the systems are bound to confuse them as far as their faith is concerned just like it happened during his time when the Roman Catholic Church used the teachings to justify some of the evil things that were happening. The letter of Paul to the Romans would serve as the guide to the church and the believers if they are interested in the righteousness.Luther says that people should be ready to confess Jesus with their mouth and in such a deed they will lead a righ teous life as they will always aspire to do what God expects from them. Good industrial plant alone do not make a man righteous rather he should have faith in God. The book of Romans has been described as the one that changed the course of the church history right from the early church to the protestant reformation. Therefore it is in order to say that this book contains message which are inspirational and can bring a complete change in ones life. It changed the life of the Augustine together with John Wesley people who had led a life that was not pleasant before the eyes of God.They had struggled with the evils ways up to a point when the word was revealed to them changing their lives completely. John Wesley had set out to preach without being converted, afterwards some years of struggling and failing he heard the teaching of Martin Luther describing the book of Romans. Listening to the true words of Luther the man was inspired and he was converted. He went to preach in many corn ers and has been described in the history of the church to have played a great role in the evangelical work of awakening the believers. (Moo, D 2002)The kind of life that God expects from every person is what has touched many people in the course of the church history. From martin Luther to John Wesley there was realization that God expects us to be righteous before his eyes as Paul maintained in the book. On the same line Gods wrath does not discriminate, it is expressed impartially to all the sinners neither does He discriminate between the Christian Jews and the gentiles.Before Paul sent the letter to the church in Rome the Jews prided to be the privileged people in the eyes of God but this notion was clearly explained by the book that set out to put the facts straight. On the same line the book of Romans came to be used in the protestant Reformation showing clearly that no one was too holy before the eyes of God to help in pardoning of the sins. Only God had the power to forgive the sins. The book as described by Luther addressed the issue clearly stating that no amount of payment towards indulgences was enough to forgive ones sins. (Moo, D1996)The book of Romans influence to the church has been enormous right from the time Paul wrote the letter to clear the differences that existed in the Church of Rome. It is as a result of that explanation that the Gentiles faith was strengthened after understanding what God stood for as far as righteousness was concerned.The book deals with the issues of sin, progressive sanctification, practical service and the gracious salvation issues that could have divided the church in Rome as Christian Jews and the Gentiles had different views regarding these issues. The book addresses God great plan for saving mankind by his grace. It clearly states that it is only through the grace of God that all those who believe in Him shall acquire this salvation. The book has been described as the comprehensive statement of faith and Chri stianity as a whole. It has been used by many believers to show what is expected of us and the church in general.The basis of the Christian faith is based on this book and this explains why the book has in many cases changed the course of the church history especially when some people are out to mislead the believers in the matter of faith. Martin Luther used the book to show how the church had turned to be evil and led a revolution that came to bring openness in the church allowing people to read the word for themselves. (Hodge, C 1994)The book of Romans importance to the Christian faith can not be underestimated it has been relied on several occasions to shed light where misunderstandings have existed. The book has shaped the church making more responsive to the needs of a believer, trying as much as possible to reconcile the two issues of law and righteousness. The strong foundation of the Christian faith is found in this letter of Saint Paul to the people of Rome.ReferenceDille nberger, J (1961) Martin Luther Selections from His Writings, New York, Doubleday and COMoo, D(1996)The Epistle to the Romans. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing CompanyMoo, D (2002) Encountering the Book of Romans A Theological Exposition, Michigan, Baker AcademicBarth, K (1968) The Epistle to the Romans. Oxford University Press, 1968.Hodge, C(1994) Commentary on Epistle to the Romans. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company

Personal Barriers to Online Learning Essay Example for Free

Personal Barriers to Online Learning EssayOnline learning or e-Learning refers to application of electronic engine room for the deli very of instructional subject matter or knowledge domains. Beamish et al. (2002), defines e-Learning as . . . a wide set of applications and processes allied to training and learning that includes computer-based learning, online learning, virtual classrooms and digital collaboration. These services can be delivered by a variety of electronic media, including the intranet, internet, interactive TV and satellite. In spite of the great flexibility and varied range of tools that e-Learning can provide to conveyance of title education, implementing any e-Learning system can be a complicated and complex endeavour and online learning can be a very frustrating welcome for the student as well as the teacher. A number of personal barriers affect students and teachers alike in any online learning system. Personal Barriers of Students The technology on tap (predicate) with students determines the nature of the course substance to a large extent.Students may simply not have the required bandwidth to access high-end mul seasondia content. The course designer has to issue the contents to suit the technology availability of the students. This is especially true of e-Learning courses catering to international community scattered all over the world. In such cases unholy constraints may have to be imposed on the utilization of technology resources available at the end of the imparting institution. The design would then have to optimized for dial-up users with at the most 800600 pixel monitor screen resolutions.In fact, galore(postnominal) universities take special care to ensure prior to registration that their respective e-Learning course content is accessible to the students. Technical infrastructure deficiencies on the student side can impede course activities, especially in an online distance-learning environment. (Arabasz, 2003, p p. 42) The proficiency level of the student in using ICT tools would enhance or undermine his e-Learning experience to a great extent. In the international context it would be unwise to expect uniform familiarity with ICT usage.A student, previously not exposed to ICT, will therefore not only have to handle the course requirements, scarce will also have to discover the requisite skills in ICT to pursue the course effectively. From the learner perspective, literacy and IT skills and aptitude for self-direction, being confident and motivated to participate in online learning have also been place as potential barriers to effective online learning (Australian Institute for Social Research, 2006, pp. 15). The factor that students have to study in isolation in an e-Learning system has triggered off many debates.Many perceive this isolation as a crippling obstacle to the development of e-Learning systems for higher education. Brouner and Flowers (1997) even suggested that the lack of hu man interactions in the incorporation of technology into higher education would have to be effectively made up by increased human contact. The e-Learning environment lacks the discipline and time regulations imposed on students in conventional education. This requires students to be more motivated, better time managers and more attentive during e-Learning sessions.The lack of the proximity and personal touch of the instructor as in a traditional classroom can create a communication chasm that both the instructor and the student may find difficult to surmount. In a situation where eye contact and proximity are limited, students cannot be disciplined nor affirmed by eye contact and body language (McKnight, 2000). Time is some other constraint that affects online learning negatively. Whilst education has now extended geographically it has limited students with time restrictions (Jones et. al. , 2004, pp. 14).Trials and Tribulations for the Faculty Time is perhaps the biggest investmen t that the instructor has to make. The amount of time required to develop and maintain an e-Learning course is usually not anticipated by the people involved. The instructor has to spend a lot of time on restructuring and reengineering the course for e-Learning delivery. A complete over hauling is required. Instructors also need to give time for technical and pedagogical training as instructions in e-Learning differ radically from conventional approaches.Last but not the least, the instructor has to spend considerable time corresponding or communicating with students. A very important aspect of e-Learning is the views or approach of the instructor. The instructor could be trying to make the e-Learning experience as good and fruitful as the conventional classrooms. It is a case of trying to replicate the conventional classroom in e-Learning. The second approach could be the instructors effort to improve the instructions through the medium of e-Learning.The instructor will have to de cide on which approach to adopt, a decision that could profoundly influence the very character and woodland of the e-Learning content. Technical issues can hamper an instructors efficiency or performance. The instructor is often not familiar with the technologies that are utilized. Development in multimedia would require knowledge of Flash, Shockwave and similar tools. It is difficult to find persons skilled in both the application technology and the field of education.The problem of technology extends to the teacher who may not be proficient in the software. The dependency on technology also tends to undermine the facultys confidence at times. Are things dismissal to work when Im in the classroom? Will the Internet be up? Do I need to bring back-up materials on a disk? Will the last instructor have left things in good shape? These issues may be more basic than youd expect, but dependability is still a major issue. (Arabasz, 2003, pp. 41) Online Learning therefore requires very c areful planning and implementation in order to achieve success.

Psychology Debate Essay Example for Free

Psychology Debate EssayPsychology is a human science and should thereby leave the depicted object of biology to the biologists. Psychology, as defined by the APA is, the study of the mind and behaviour(APA, 2013), this rendering states that psychology is indeed separate to that of biology as biology by definition is the branch of science concerned with the structure, function, growth, evolution, and distribution of living and non-living organisms (biology online, 2013), this implies that the two ar indeed two different disciplines which do not require interaction, as they are simply focusing on different things. A good example of the two disciplines being separate, is psychoanalysis. Psychoanalysis, a method of therapy developed by Freud and still utilise widely today, focuses on the subconscious and says that mental illness is caused by underlie traumas, repressed memories and unconscious desires. If these are brought to the surface, by the patient verbalising under hypn osis of these repressed, unconscious and underlying issues, it is thought that by uncovering them they will find answers.Psychoanalysis has no foundations in biology and even as it has been expanded upon by people such as Adler and Jung, still does not believe that biology is relevant to psychology (Kandel, 1999). The simple fact that they are, still to this day, separate disciplines again reinforces that they are separate spheres of study and should remain that way.AGAINST Psychologists need an bring ining of biology in order to treat patients, and understand concepts fully.Psychology could not be practiced if it was not for the fundamental biology that sets human beings apart from any other species. An understanding of the brain, body and how they function and there interactions and co-existence with psychological concepts such as mood, personality, emotions are integral and in fact, psychology needs a biological foundation and understanding to even begin to interpret psychologi cal concepts (Weiten, 1992). When taking a closer look at the definitions mentioned previously, they two study life.Since biology is the study of life psychology fits into this definition as psychologists too study life. In saying that, the study of life should not be left up to the biologists as they are typically concerned with the structure, function, growth, evolution and distribution of living and non-living organisms, whereas psychologists look deeper into the study of life, not just seeing it as a science but seeing it as an avenue to help and better peoples lives through understanding the fundamental biological whole kit and boodle of the brain.But without an understanding of the human brain and body and how it functions psychologists would not be able to put these two disciplines together to achieve their outcomes. It is crucial for a psychologist to understand the work of biology in order to be an effective psychologist. Without a biological basis, there would be no way t hat psychology would even be a pro-active discipline. Diagnosing a patient today, requires the psychologist to be able to understand the biological forces which influence behaviour (Weiten, 1992).

Shareholder Vs Stakeholder Theory Management Essay

Sh areholder Vs Stakeholder Theory Management EssayHis views reflect Adam Smiths view that firms operate solely for the purpose of making a profit which contributes to the boilers suit well cosmos of society. Any problem activity is skillfulified as long as it increases the value of the firm to its shareholder (Cochran, 1994). Friedman (2005) ac friendships one reason for the creation of firms and that is to make a profit for its shareholders. According to Friedman, firms do not exists to change the terra firma or to do good. He pushes the Shareholder Theory to the extent that he declares as theft or violation of counselling responsibility any form of donation by the firm, be it in time, in kind, or in monetary measures, by the managers from the investors o the firm (Ruf et al, 1998).Shareholder theory has been astray misinterpreted and quoted in its extreme sense. Carroll (1998) qualifies that although Friedman does insist that the moreover responsibility of the firm is to record pay for its shareholders, he goes on to state that the firm mustiness operate within acceptable legal and social parameters.The Shareholder perspective of a firm has been wide ch completelyenged over the past years. Authors such as Low and Cowton (2004) and Agatiello (2008) beg that the sole mission of firms to be profit maximisers is incorrect and inappropriate. Todays modern organisation is so tangled that reducing it to such simple destinations and motivations oversimplifies the same nature of the commercial organisation. Spence (2001) writes that the Stakeholder Theory has emerged as an alternative for the Shareholder Theory of the firm. According to Freeman (1984), the verge stakeholder skunk be traced back to management literature of 1963 when the term was defined as those groups without whose game the organisation would cease to exist.Stakeholder theory recognises that firms have a frequently wider base of inte waited parties other(a) than the shareholde rs and holds that the firm must honour its duties and responsibilities towards all of the parties. The shareholders are simply one group of the several groups which has a claim on the firm (Heath and Norman, 2004). Deck (1994) gives an interesting interpretation of the Stakeholder Theory. While he recognises that the objective of an organisation is to create wealth and distribute this amongst its investors, he explains how the investors are not solitary(prenominal) represented by the shareholders, but, in fact can and do take the form of other groups such as employees and the society in general, who invest knowledge and skills in the firm. Indeed Halal (2000) argues that the resources invested by stakeholders are roughly tenfold that invested by the shareholders. Post et al (2002) claim that risk is not only hold in to financial exposure but in addition includes risks to employment, career opportunity, environmental impact and quality of products and services. If a firm fails, em ployees lose their jobs and possibly also their retirement plans. In line with this argument, firm benefits should not only be distributed to the financial investors, but profits should be divided amongst all those design risk within the organisation.2.2 The terzetto Bottom LineA win-win outcome for organisations and stakeholders is that created by the Triple Bottom Line (Elkington, 1998). This is an attempt to shift stemma towards a stakeholder-based appeal. The idea tin can the 3BL simulacrum is that a corporations success should be measured not just by the traditional financial bottom line, but also by social/ honourable and environmental performance (Norman and MacDonald, 2004). The People, Planet, Profit triangle postulates how profit is to be perceived from three perspectives. A positive triple bottom line reflects an increase in the ships companys value, including both its profitability and shareholder value and its social, human and environmental capital (Savitz, 200 6). Even if the three aspects of sustainability environmental, social and economic already existed, Elkingtons principle played a crucial role in shaping initiatives such as the Global Reporting Initiative and the Dow Jones Sustainability Indexes (Berkovics, 2010). The novelty of the 3BL lies in the contention of its supporters that the fulfilment of its obligations to communities, employees, customers and suppliers should be measured, calculated, audited and reported, just like financial performance had been for the past hundred years. The major fallacy of the 3BL appeal is that whilst authors speak of the benefit of measuring the benefits accruing from three perspectives, no one has suggested how to usage the data on social performance to calculate some form of net social bottom line. Adding up the financial pluses and deducting the minuses is often easier than summing up the environmental achievements and shortcomings of a firm (MacDonald and Norman, 2004).2.3 Defining CSRIn his seminal work entitled Social Responsibilities of the Businessman, Bowen (1953) defined CSR as the entrepreneurs obligation to pursue those policies, to make those decisions or to find out the lines of run which are desirable in terms of the objectives and values of society. It is because of this work that authors such as Carroll (1999) and Windsor (2001) have declared Bowen to be the Father of CSR.In at presents world of increased globalisation, environmental cognisance, recessionary pressures and high insecurity, there are increasing pressures on entrepreneurs and organisations to deliver increased societal value (Jenkins, 2006).Weber (2008) posits that although the concept of CSR is widely discussed, a universally accepted definition still needs to emerge (Turker, 2009). Further Van Marrewijk (2003) claims that a one solutions fits all explanation of CSR is virtually impracticable as the concept takes on a different meaning for each organisation, depending on the levels of awareness and ambition of the firm itself.In the 1970s authors of the subject began to depute that the emphasis on responsibility implied accountability. That, according to Carroll (1979) was too narrow and static an interpretation in order to fully picture the social efforts of the firms. As a result of this criticism two new concepts emerged Corporate Social Responsiveness (CSR2) and Corporate Social Performance (CSP). CSR2 links CSR with strategic management and stresses the proactive approach required from companies. CSP offered a managerial framework to deal with CSR and attempted to measure it.Frederick (1994) refers to CRS2 as a conceptual transition from the philosophical aspect of CSR to the more bodily process-oriented approach. several(prenominal) authors such as Ackermann and Bauer (1976), Vallentin (2009), Sethi (1979) also support this view. Others like Carroll (1979) however argue that the term responsiveness is not an appropriate replacement for responsibility. He argues that any action which is not the fruit of reflection and responsibility is not exactly a refinement of a concept which merely encourages responsibility. Firms may indeed be responsive and irresponsibleCSP emerged as a multidimensional concept which embraced the interaction of social responsibility, social responsiveness and the policies corporations designed to address such issues (Watrick and Cochran, 1985). CSP therefore focuses attention from bodied motivations to corporate action and implementation. Although the term CSP tends to give a more dynamic and pragmatic interpretation of the concept it has not been left uncriticised. Authors such as Davenport (2000) aim at CSP as a theoretical creation of the scholars. The terms CSR, CSR2 and CSP are often utilize interchangeably and today, much of the literature simply uses the single term CSR to mean both the firms acceptance of responsibilities and the actions and policies it undertakes in the area (Ciliberti et al 200 8).The writings of McGuire (1963), Davis (1960), and Sethi (1975) all concur that CSR describes the responsibilities of a firm which extend beyond what is the legal obligations of the firm. In other words, CSR starts where the law ends. Carroll (1979) is also in support of this view and in his work in 1991 presents a Pyramid of Corporate Social Responsibilities to include all, economic, legal, honest and discretionary responsibilities which emanate from the existing operations of organisations. Although Carroll presents his place in the form of a pyramid with the economic concerns of the firm as the base, he tells us that his model does not, in fact portray a continuum and that the four facets of organisational responsibility are not mutually exclusive.DiscretionaryResponsibilitiesBe a goodcorporate citizen honestResponsibilitiesBe honorableLegalResponsibilitiesObey the LayEconomicResponsibilitiesBe profitableFigure 2 The Pyramid of Corporate Social ResponsibilityCarroll (1991)In 2003 Schwartz and Carroll presented the different facets of CSR in a different format. This time they moved away from the pyramid structure which seems to have implied some form or natural progression from one level to another and presented their model in the form of a Venn diagram. Furthermore they only included three of Carrolls earlier CSR aspects. Schwartz and Carroll (2003) represented the economic, legal and estimable responsibilities but omitted the discretionary category. Indeed it is inappropriate to regard discretionary and philanthropic activities as responsibilities.Purely estimablePurelyLegalPurelyEconomicEthical / LegalLegal / EconomicEthical / EconomicLegal / Economic / EthicalFigure 3 The Three-Domain Model of CSRSchwartz and Carroll (2003)2.4 A Modern Interpretation of CSRIn 2001 The European Union presented a Green Paper entitled Promoting a European Framework for Corporate Social Responsibility. In this paper CSR was defined as a concept whereby companies integ rate social and environmental concerns in their business operations and in their interaction with their stakeholders on a voluntary basis. Pivato et al (2008) argue that this is one of the most common interpretations of CSR and it is consistent with recent academic literature. Stakeholder theory gained immenseness in the 1990s and continues to maintain its position as a rivet area of study in CSR (Wang, 2008).More recently, in October 2011, the EU Commission published a new policy on CSR wherein it states that for a firm to run into its social responsibility it should have in place a process to integrate social, environmental, ethical and human rights concerns into their business operations and core strategy in close collaboration with their stakeholders . The EU also put forward a new definition of CSR as the responsibility of enterprises for their impacts on society. The EU intends that firms will give birth by their responsibility when they respect the applicable legislation and aim for collective agreements amid social partners. Another classical aspect of the new EU approach to CSR is the fact that the emphasis is not only on the private sector firms only, but the maximisation of the creation of shared value for society is now also expected of public sector firms.This new policy advances an action agenda for the three year period up to 2014 covering eight distinct areas which item how the EU intends ensuring that firms embrace this CSR concept. This action plan aims to bring up the visibility of CSR and the dissemination of good practices improve and track levels of trust in business improve self-and co-regulation processes enhance market reward for CSR improve company disclosure on social and environmental information further integrate CSR into education, training and research emphasise the importance of national and sub-national CSR policies and better align European and global approaches to CSR.The EU commission reports that clear and medium coatd firms are the predominant form of enterprise in the European Union (EU Commission, 2012). The EU further claims that if Europe and its enterprises are to reap the full benefit of CSR, then it is imperative that SMEs engage fully in CSR and are recognised for their initiatives. This is very challenging as CSR has traditionally been the domain of the corporate sector, but recognition of the increasing importance of the SME sector has led to an emphasis on their social and environmental impact (Jenkins, 2004)2.5 CSR and SMEs pocket-size, small and medium-sized enterprises are the engine of the European economy. They are an essential course of jobs, create entrepreneurial touch sensation and innovation in the EU and are thus crucial for fostering competitiveness and employment (Verheugen, 2005).In 2003 the EU revised its 1996 definition of an SME and within the 27 member states, today an SME is a firm with fewer than 250 employees and with a turnover of less than 50 million or balance sheet totals of less than 43 million. Apart from these quantifications, firms must be independent, i.e. separate from an economic group that is stronger than itself.Medium Sized FirmsSmall FirmsMicroFirmsEnterprise CategoryHead Count (Annual mold Unit turnover rateBalance Sheet Totals 2million 2million 10million 10million 50 million 43millionORORORORFigure 4 EU Definition of an SMESource EU Commission (2003)The EU reports that even in 2012 SMEs have unploughed their position as the backbone of the European economy, with around 20.7 million firms accouting for more than 98% of all enterprises of which 92.2% are firms which employ fewer than 10 people (Wymenga et al 2012). Wymenga (2012) reports that in 2012 SMEs accounted for 67% of total employment, at around 87 million people and 58% of gross value added.The Maltese economy is one of the smallest economies in the EU this implies that the relevance of SMEs for the domestic economy is indeed crucial. There are a little les s than 30,000 firms in Malta, and with the exception of 44 mountainous firms, the rest employ less than 250 workers. In fact, the economy is dominated by micro-sized firms (95.1%). Small and Medium-Sized firms in Malta account for 4.7% of business organisations, employ 41.8% of the labour force and account for 38.3% of the islands value-added. Micro firms employ 34.4% of the labour force in Malta and account for 26.3% of the value added (EU Commission, 2012).Medium Sized FirmsSmall FirmsMicro FirmsEnterprise CategoryHead Count (Annual Work UnitTurnoverBalance Sheet Totals 2million 2million 10million 10million 50 million 43millionORORORORFox (2005) contends that all organisations impact on society and the environment in a number of ways done their operations. For this reason, CSR is important in queen-sized and small firms alike (Moore and Spence, 2006). The importance of SMEs in CSR literature has, however been overlooked (Perrini and Minoja, 2008 Ciliberti et al, 2008, Moore an d Spence, 2006 ). A study carried out by Jenkins in 2004 reveals that much of the thinking about CSR in SMEs is based on unfounded assumptions. It is erroneously assumed that large companies are the norm and therefore, as a consequence all CSR approaches have predominantly been designed and are intended for large firms. Further, it has been presumed that small firms are little large firms differentiating themselves from large corporations merely on the basis of size (Jenkins, 2004). It is clear that SMEs are not miniature large companies, and as such the same practices which have been designed for large firms are difficult to fit to small organisations (Williamson et al, 2006). A study of Swiss multinational companies (MNCs) and SMEs reveals that contrary to what is perceived by much of the literature on the subject, small firms possess several organisational characteristics that could promote the consolidation of CSR practices as core business functions, while MNCs possess the dis position to enhance communication and reporting on CSR. CSR is therefore not a function of company size, but rather of company characteristics (Spence, 2011 et al).Structure is one of the factors that distinguishes large from small firms. While large firms tend to organise themselves with a bureaucratic structure and formalisation, small firms are characterised by loose informal working sex actships (Perez-Sanchez, 2003). The behaviour of small firms is strongly dependent on the characteristics and management style of the owner himself, whilst in large firms this is not so strongly felt (Tilley, 2000). Perrini (2006) argues that small firms are more often than not owner-managed and are run on personal relationships. Gond and Igalens (2008) pin the level of CSR commitment by SMEs as directly dependent on the personality and personal convictions of its managing director. Age plays a significant role here, with the younger owner/managers display greater CSR awareness gender has no im pact on CSR deployment (Ede et al, 2000). Some authors are in disagreement as to whether the educational background of the owner/manager has any bearing on the level of CSR activity. (Ede et al, 2000 Spence et al, 2000). Spence et al (2007), maintain this claim and go one step further by asserting that it is the directors vision for the future of his business and his discretion and perception of internal resources which determine CSR engagement in SMEs. Bonneveux et al (2012) report that the capacity of a director to locate and integrate new resources is fundamental to the integration of CSR measures and initiatives. The correlation between CSR engagement by SMEs and the perception and motivation of the firms director and how he sees and reacts to CSR issues is thus reinforced.Ownership and management in large firms are more separate and distinct than they are in small firms. In small firms, control remains in the hands of one of the owners, possibly putting him in a position wher e he can make personal choices with respect to the allocation of resources (Spence and Rutherfoord (2001). Given this particular management characteristic, the choice of CSR engagement in SMEs is mostly determined by the personal attributes of the owner/manager. A study of US SMEs employing between 5 and 500 workers suggests that efforts to influence owners and managers to implement environmental CSR initiatives such as for example waste reduction need great focus on changing individual attitudes (Bennington et al, 2012). Stewart et al (2011) also confirm the link between leading and the successful uptake of CSR and sustainability in SMEs.According to the shareholder perspective postulated by Friedman (1970) the owner of a small business has the right to follow their own ethical beliefs in the allocation of organisational resources as they own the business and therefore it follows that they are using their own funds to finance any CSR activity. This is not so in large firms where o wnership and control are separate and the investor of the funds does not have any say on how the funds he has contributed are being divested. In support of CSR engagement even based on a shareholder perspective of the firm, Stewart et al (2012) report measurable results in terms of business performance which can be directly attributable to the SMEs greater social and environmental engagement. The study highlights the relationship between learning, the development of organisational values that underpin CSR and meliorate business performance within the SME context.Perrini (2006) contends that SMEs are, at many times stretched by multitasking, troubled by the limited cash available, and controlled by an informal mechanism. On the other hand, large firms are more likely to engage in carefully planned, formal, strategic management (Jenkins, 2004).Jenkins (2004) tells us that most SMEs are more likely to be concerned about the day-to-day survival then by understanding concepts such as CS R. He contends that the term CSR alienates some of the small firms and that the language used needs to be simpler. In this respect, the European Commission has propo9sed the term Responsible Entrepreneurship in lieu of social responsibility of SMEs. Jenkins research however reveals that small firms regards CSR as an all embracing concept involving three pillars sustainability awareness of and responsibility towards a range of stakeholders, the relative importance of whom varies from one firm to another. This implies that most SMEs describe CSR on the lines of the stakeholder theory. Jenkins (2004) reveals that SMEs are consistent in their identification of stakeholders and point towards the environmental management, employees, the friendship/society, and the supply chain. It is not at all surprising that SMEs focus their initiatives on the topical anaesthetic community. SME owner/managers usually live in the same area in which the firm operates (CSR Europe, 2003). SMEs, in fact, r ely much more that large firms on the prosperity of the community in which they operate as most of their customers and employees come from the surrounding area.Castka et al (2004) confirms that SMEs and large firms are not only different in nature but also in the way in which they approach CSR. They found that small businesses approach CSR informally and do not usually have pre-determined objectives or formal procedures for measuring the performance of objectives to away stakeholders. Further, large firms are more likely to adopt formal instruments to design CSR initiatives such as codes of place, ISO certification and social reporting (Graafland et al (2003). Large firms tend to integrate CSR as part of their business operations whilst SMEs consider CSR as an add on activity (Jenkins, 2004) and conduct CSR on an ad-hoc basis usually unrelated to their business strategy.Jenkins (2004) argues that the motivation for CSR engagement differs between large and small firms. Jenkins (20 06) explains that the growing visibility and the increased impact of large firms globally have called for greater accountability and transparency. On the other hand, small firms remain largely invisible and are not driven by external pressures, but rather by an internal drive to do the right thing or putting something back or showing entrepreneurial spirit (Jenkins, 2004). The force which drives SMEs to engage in CSR activities is therefore more ethical rather than commercial. Gupta et al (2012) conducted a study of Indian SMEs in which they highlight the many benefits which settle to SMEs engaging in CSR initiatives. Small and medium-sized firms actively engaging in CSR were reported to enjoy an endless list of advantages amongst which were improved image, reputation, trust and understanding. Firms also secured a better market position and improved financial performance increased attractiveness to potential recruits, increased employee motivation, cost savings and increased effici ency, efficient risk management systems and more business overall. CSR can be the stimulus for increased motivation and productivity amongst a firms workforce (Salquin et al, 2007 Berger-Douce, 2008). An awareness and understanding of the challenges posed by CSR can actually form an excellent basis for organisational differentiation and competitive advantage (Kechiche et al, 2012). Not all academics concord and Jenkins (2006) asserts that SMEs undertake CSR simply for its own sake and cease from using it as a method of self promotion as the large firms do. According to Fassin (2008), CSR is a rather informal action, and therefore more primordial rather than strategic and for this reason, SMEs will hardly enjoy all the benefits that CSR engagement implies.Jenkins (2004) emphasises that owner/managers of small firms are mainly preoccupied with the economic viability of their firms and spend a large part of their time and energy focusing on this aspect of their business. One main fea ture of SMEs is that the owner/manager is the person who deals with the day-to-day operations of the firm as well as other projects. This is distinct from large firms, where there is a dedicated CSR department with resources being specialised for this function. For this reason, time and resources are identified as the greatest constraints which SMEs face with respect to investing in CSR initiatives. Gupta et al (2012) also claim that the initial cost of CSR is at times high for SMEs as they conduct small business and they justified request for government assistance and support in the implementation of CSR in the firm. The owner/managers of the UK firms studies by Jenkins revealed that they difficulties trying to convince reluctant employees to involve themselves in CSR activities. Furthermore, the excessive number of short term projects, the lack of information (Berger-Douce, 2008), the problems with measuring intangible benefits and the difficulties of making connections in a sma ll community where other common adversities faced by SMEs. SMEs also meet difficulties which are related to the market, particularly restrictions in applying environmental and/or societal legislation because of its complexity and the rigidity of procedures. SMEs complain of the lack of adequate support services and infrastructure (Kechiche et al, 2012).Despite the adversities faced, Castka et al (2004) reveal that SMEs acknowledge that there is a need for them to conduct business in a socially responsible manner. When researching Swedish SMEs, Pettersson et al (2012) found that CSR activities become more important for some stakeholders, particularly in times of difficulties and revealed an increased need for CSR engagement. They report that SMEs can strategically use CSR activities in order to develop a competitive advantage through differentiation by creating societal advantage. They claim that CSR activities become more important for some stakeholders, particularly in times of di fficulties. Jenkins (2004) posits that SMEs are often active members in their community. In support of this Perrini (2006) reports that 50% of European SMEs are engaged in socially responsible activities. He explains how there is a positive correlation between the degree of involvement and the size of the enterprise with 48% of very small firms, 65% of small and 70% of medium sized firms being engaged in CSR activities. A study of Danish SMEs carried out in 2005 (Danish National Labour Market Authority) identified seven areas of CSR deployment, namely, the workforce, the environment, stakeholder engagement, marketplace activities, supply chain activities, internal management activities and charitable and voluntary activities. The study revealed that work-force related CSR activities were most diffused with 54% of all CSR activities, environmental activities occupied 51% of all initiatives and supply chain activities only occupy 22% of all initiatives. On the other hand, the baromete r of sustainable development within French SMEs (CROCIS, 2007) reports that 96% of firms in the Paris area had implemented sustainable development measures while 47% of these firms had good links with the community through sponsorship deals, charitable events, back-to-work/employability schemes etc. Other academics, (Saulquin et al, 2005 Berger-Douce, 2008) are in support of this picture and confirm that employees appear to be well treated in the majority of SMEs. Fox (2005) reports that the most likely reason for SMEs to engage in environmental management is when this becomes circumstantial in attracting and retaining business either locally or internationally. Saulquin et al (2010) affirm this by reporting that there is great sensitivity by SMEs to the wellbeing of their employees and their community links. In support of this, other authors claim that large companies influence the behaviour of small firms in their supply chain in particular in relation to environmental protection , labour and human rights, health and safety (Jorgensen and Knudsen, 2005). Worthington et al (2006) tells us that UK SMEs invested in a range of CSR activities and the most common forms of CSR deployment ranged from donating to local causes and charities, sponsorships of local events and organisations, support for local schools and colleges, environmental initiatives, ethical purchasing and staff related activities.2.6. capacitance Maturity ModelFassin (2008), contends that most SMEs regard CSR as rather informal action and refers to it as an intuitive initiative rather than strategic process. On the other hand, Spence et al (2011) affirm that MNC are often seen to assume responsibility by implementing CSR-related organisational practices and structures which permission them to interact directly with civil society. Further, however, MNCs are often accused of using CSR as a front to cover up the more real business practices. Indeed it is important to analyse the depth and effectiv eness with which organisations embed CSR within their operations so as to distinguish between CSR talk and CSR practice (Spence et al, 2011).The Capability Maturity Model is an organisational model which describes five evolutionary stages in which a firm manages its processes. An organisation which treats CSR as an ad hoc activity will be at the initial stage. As the firm matures in its approach to CSR and embraces CSR more and more as part of its core business practice it starts to progress through the abutting four levels, namely managed, defined, qualitatively managed, optimizing. The maturity levels offer a structure to the discipline needed for continuous improvement.This paradigm is useful to determine the reason behind different levels of organisational CSR commitment and what it takes for a firm to progress to the next level of commitment.Level 1INITIALLevel 2MANAGEDLevel 3 delimitLevel 4QUANTITATIVELY MANAGEDLevel 5OPTIMIZINGProcess unpredictable,Poorly controlled and reac tiveProcesses characterised for projects,and is often reactiveProcesses characterised for theOrganisation and is proactiveProcess measured,and controlledFocus on processimprovementFigure 5 The Capability Maturity ModelHumphrey, 1989